History
Okumaya devam et...
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| Canon 21 of the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] (1215), binding on the whole church, laid down the obligation of secrecy in the following words: | Canon 21 of the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] (1215), binding on the whole church, laid down the obligation of secrecy in the following words: |
| {{quote|source=|Let the priest absolutely beware that he does not by word or sign or by any manner whatever in any way betray the sinner: but if he should happen to need wiser counsel let him cautiously seek the same without any mention of person. For whoever shall dare to reveal a sin disclosed to him in the tribunal of penance we decree that he shall be not only deposed from the priestly office but that he shall also be sent into the confinement of a monastery to do perpetual penance. | [[Karl Josef von Hefele|Hefele]]-Leclercq, ''Histoire des Conciles'' at the year 1215; Mansi or Harduin, "Coll. conciliorum"}} | {{quote|Let the priest absolutely beware that he does not by word or sign or by any manner whatever in any way betray the sinner: but if he should happen to need wiser counsel let him cautiously seek the same without any mention of person. For whoever shall dare to reveal a sin disclosed to him in the tribunal of penance we decree that he shall be not only deposed from the priestly office but that he shall also be sent into the confinement of a monastery to do perpetual penance.|[[Karl Josef von Hefele|Hefele]]-Leclercq, {{lang|fr|Histoire des Conciles}} at the year 1215; Mansi or Harduin, "Coll. conciliorum"}} |
| [[Gratian (jurist)|Gratian]], who compiled the edicts of previous [[Catholic Ecumenical Councils]] and the principles of church law, published the ''[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]'' about 1151. It includes the following declaration of the law as to the seal of confession: "Let the priest who dares to make known the sins of his penitent be deposed." Gratian goes on to say that the violator of this law should be made a lifelong, ignominious wanderer.<ref>''Secunda pars'', dist. VI, c. II</ref> Notably, neither the Lateran canon nor the law of the ''Decretum'' purports to enact for the first time the secrecy of confession.<ref name=":0">{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Law of the Seal of Confession |volume= 13 |last= Nolan |first= R.S. |short=1}}</ref> The 15th-century [[England|English]] canonist [[William Lyndwood]] speaks of two reasons why a priest is bound to keep secret a confession, the first being on account of the [[sacrament]] because it is almost (quasi) of the essence of the sacrament to keep secret the confession.<ref>Cf. also Jos. Mascardus, ''De probationibus'', Frankfort, 1703, arg. 378.</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2008}}<!-- Snd what is the other reason? --> | [[Gratian (jurist)|Gratian]], who compiled the edicts of previous [[Catholic Ecumenical Councils]] and the principles of church law, published the {{lang|la|[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]}} about 1151. It includes the following declaration of the law as to the seal of confession: "Let the priest who dares to make known the sins of his penitent be deposed." Gratian goes on to say that the violator of this law should be made a lifelong, ignominious wanderer.<ref>''Secunda pars'', dist. VI, c. II</ref> Notably, neither the Lateran canon nor the law of the {{lang|la|Decretum}} purports to enact for the first time the secrecy of confession.<ref name=":0">{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Law of the Seal of Confession |volume= 13 |last= Nolan |first= R.S. |short=1}}</ref> The 15th-century [[England|English]] canonist [[William Lyndwood]] speaks of two reasons why a priest is bound to keep secret a confession, the first being on account of the [[sacrament]] because it is almost (quasi) of the essence of the sacrament to keep secret the confession.<ref>Cf. also Jos. Mascardus, ''De probationibus'', Frankfort, 1703, arg. 378.</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2008}}<!-- And what is the other reason? --> |
| ===Thomist theology=== | ===Thomist theology=== |
| {{See also|Thomistic sacramental theology}} | {{See also|Thomistic sacramental theology}} |
| The ''[[Summa Theologiae]]'' devotes one article to the seal of confession, explaining that the seal may not be violated, including regarding matters that might indirectly lead to the seal's violation, not even violated by those who hear the confession.<ref name="newadvent.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/5011.htm |title=SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The seal of confession (Supplementum, Q. 11) |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> Thomas gives two reasons for the seal's inviolability: the seal is divinely instituted and the seal prevents scandal.<ref name="newadvent.org"/> | The {{lang|la|[[Summa Theologiae]]}} devotes one article to the seal of confession, explaining that the seal may not be violated, including regarding matters that might indirectly lead to the seal's violation, not even violated by those who hear the confession.<ref name="newadvent.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/5011.htm |title=SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The seal of confession (Supplementum, Q. 11) |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> Thomas gives two reasons for the seal's inviolability: the seal is divinely instituted and the seal prevents scandal.<ref name="newadvent.org"/>{{elucidate|reason=What is meant by "scandal"?|date=April 2024}} |
| ===Catechisms=== | ===Catechisms=== |
| According to the [[Roman Catechism]], "the faithful are to be admonished that there is no reason whatever to apprehend that what is made known in confession will ever be revealed by the priest to anyone, or that by it the penitent can at any time be brought into danger of any sort ... Let the priest, says the great Council of Lateran, take special care, neither by word or sign, nor by any other means whatever, to betray in the least degree the sinner."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/trent/tsacr-p.htm |title=The Roman Catechism: The Sacraments – Penance |website=Catholic Information Network |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> | According to the [[Roman Catechism]], "the faithful are to be admonished that there is no reason whatever to apprehend that what is made known in confession will ever be revealed by the priest to anyone, or that by it the penitent can at any time be brought into danger of any sort{{nbsp}}[...] Let the priest, says the great Council of Lateran, take special care, neither by word or sign, nor by any other means whatever, to betray in the least degree the sinner."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/trent/tsacr-p.htm |title=The Roman Catechism: The Sacraments – Penance |website=Catholic Information Network |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> |
| [[Pope Pius X]] in his catechism taught that "the confessor is bound by the seal of confession under the gravest sin and under threat of the severest punishments both temporal and eternal."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/pius/psacr-p.htm |title=Catechism of St. Pius X: The Sacraments – The Sacrament of Penance |website=Catholic Information Network |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> | [[Pope Pius X]] in his catechism taught that "the confessor is bound by the seal of confession under the gravest sin and under threat of the severest punishments both temporal and eternal."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/pius/psacr-p.htm |title=Catechism of St. Pius X: The Sacraments – The Sacrament of Penance |website=Catholic Information Network |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> |
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| ===Apostolic Penitentiary=== | ===Apostolic Penitentiary=== |
| In ''[[Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal]]'', the [[Apostolic Penitentiary]] explained that the sacramental seal is universally and permanently [[inviolable]] as a matter of [[de fide]] [[dogma in the Catholic Church|dogma]], and as part of [[freedom of religion]] and [[freedom of conscience]], despite civil law.<ref>[http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/07/01/190701e.html Vatican: Presentation of the Note of the Apostolic Penitentiary on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the sacramental seal]</ref><ref>[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/...s-an-intrinsic-requirement-vatican-says-65740 Catholic News Agency: Seal of confession is an 'intrinsic requirement,' Vatican says]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-...o-break-seal-of-confession-idUSKCN1TW2AC?il=0 Reuters: Vatican defends confessional secret as sexual abuse crisis stings]</ref><ref>[https://katv.com/news/nation-world/amid-sex-abuse-scandals-vatican-upholds-confession-secrecy Katv: Amid sex abuse scandals, Vatican upholds confession secrecy]</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/vatican-hits-back-at-attempts-to-break-confession-secrecy-11561987796 WSJ: Vatican Hits Back at Attempts to Break Confession Secrecy]</ref><ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/soc...lge-confession-secrets-unacceptable-1.3943189 Irish Times: Efforts to force priests to divulge confession secrets ‘unacceptable’]</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cathol...abuse-confession-box-unacceptable-2010-07-01/ CBS: Vatican court rejects laws obligating priests to report sexual abuse revealed in confessions]</ref> | In ''[[Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal]]'', the [[Apostolic Penitentiary]] explained that the sacramental seal is universally and permanently [[inviolable]] as a matter of {{lang|la|[[de fide]]}} [[dogma in the Catholic Church|dogma]], and as part of [[freedom of religion]] and [[freedom of conscience]], despite civil law.<ref>[http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/07/01/190701e.html Vatican: Presentation of the Note of the Apostolic Penitentiary on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the sacramental seal]</ref><ref>[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/...s-an-intrinsic-requirement-vatican-says-65740 Catholic News Agency: Seal of confession is an 'intrinsic requirement,' Vatican says]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-...o-break-seal-of-confession-idUSKCN1TW2AC?il=0 Reuters: Vatican defends confessional secret as sexual abuse crisis stings]</ref><ref>[https://katv.com/news/nation-world/amid-sex-abuse-scandals-vatican-upholds-confession-secrecy Katv: Amid sex abuse scandals, Vatican upholds confession secrecy]</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/vatican-hits-back-at-attempts-to-break-confession-secrecy-11561987796 WSJ: Vatican Hits Back at Attempts to Break Confession Secrecy]</ref><ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/soc...lge-confession-secrets-unacceptable-1.3943189 Irish Times: Efforts to force priests to divulge confession secrets 'unacceptable']</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cathol...abuse-confession-box-unacceptable-2010-07-01/ CBS: Vatican court rejects laws obligating priests to report sexual abuse revealed in confessions]</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2024}} |
| ==In practice== | ==In practice== |
Okumaya devam et...