Antiquity
Okumaya devam et...
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| In the western Sahel the rise of settled communities occurred largely as a result of the domestication of [[millet]] and of [[sorghum]]. Archaeology points to sizable urban populations in West Africa beginning in the 2nd millennium BC. Symbiotic trade relations developed before the [[trans-Saharan trade]], in response to the opportunities afforded by north–south diversity in ecosystems across deserts, grasslands, and forests. The agriculturists received salt from the desert nomads. The desert nomads acquired meat and other foods from pastoralists and farmers of the grasslands, and fishermen on the [[Niger River]]. The forest-dwellers provided furs and meat.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=79–80}} Various civilisations flourished at this time from the 3rd millennia onwards such as the [[Kintampo Complex]], [[Nok culture|Nok Civilisation]], and the [[Djenné-Djenno|Djenné-Djenno Civilization]], as well as the city state of [[Igodomigodo]] which would go on to form the [[Benin Empire]]. Towards the end of the Ancient Period there was the rise of the voluminous [[Ghana Empire]], and it is stipulated there were further simultaneous and preceding polities due to [[Tumulus#Sites|large tumuli]]. | In the western Sahel the rise of settled communities occurred largely as a result of the domestication of [[millet]] and of [[sorghum]]. Archaeology points to sizable urban populations in West Africa beginning in the 2nd millennium BC. Symbiotic trade relations developed before the [[trans-Saharan trade]], in response to the opportunities afforded by north–south diversity in ecosystems across deserts, grasslands, and forests. The agriculturists received salt from the desert nomads. The desert nomads acquired meat and other foods from pastoralists and farmers of the grasslands, and fishermen on the [[Niger River]]. The forest-dwellers provided furs and meat.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=79–80}} Various civilisations flourished at this time from the 3rd millennia onwards such as the [[Kintampo Complex]], [[Nok culture|Nok Civilisation]], and the [[Djenné-Djenno|Djenné-Djenno Civilization]], as well as the city state of [[Igodomigodo]] which would go on to form the [[Benin Empire]]. Towards the end of the Ancient Period there was the rise of the voluminous [[Ghana Empire]], and it is stipulated there were further simultaneous and preceding polities due to [[Tumulus#Sites|large tumuli]]. |
| The [[Bantu expansion]] involved a significant movement of people in African history and in the settling of the continent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Bantu Migration and the Fascinating Bantu People |url=https://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/bantu.html |website=www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com |access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> Prior to this, the [[Swahili coast]] was home to [[Azania]] in the north, a [[Southern Cushitic language|Southern Cushitic]] polity. People speaking [[Bantu languages]] (a branch of the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo family]]) began in the second millennium BC to spread from Cameroon eastward to the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes region]]. The [[Sao civilisation|Sao Civilisation]] came to be in the 6th century BC, along with the [[Ekoi people#History|Ekoi Civilisation]] in the 2nd century AD which constructed the [[Ikom monoliths]]. In the first millennium BC, Bantu languages spread from the Great Lakes to southern and east Africa. One early movement headed south to the upper [[Zambezi]] valley in the 2nd century BC. Then Bantu-speakers pushed westward to the savannahs of present-day [[Angola]] and eastward into [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]] in the 1st century AD. The second thrust from the Great Lakes was eastward, 2,000 years ago, expanding to the [[Indian Ocean]] coast, [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]]. These populations crowded out [[Azania]], with [[Rhapta]] being its last stronghold by the 1st century AD as documented in the Greek text [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], and formed various [[List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast|Swahili city states]] and the greatly decentralised [[Zanj|Empire of Zanj]]. The eastern Bantu group eventually met the southern migrants from the Great Lakes in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Both groups continued southward, with eastern groups continuing to [[Mozambique]] and reaching [[Maputo]] in the 2nd century AD, and expanding as far as [[Durban]]. | The [[Bantu expansion]] involved a significant movement of people in African history and in the settling of the continent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Bantu Migration and the Fascinating Bantu People |url=https://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/bantu.html |website=www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com |access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> Prior to this, the [[Swahili coast]] was home to [[Azania]] in the north, a [[Southern Cushitic language|Southern Cushitic]] polity. People speaking [[Bantu languages]] (a branch of the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo family]]) began in the second millennium BC to spread from Cameroon eastward to the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes region]]. The [[Sao civilisation|Sao Civilisation]] came to be in the 6th century BC, along with the [[Ekoi people#History|Ekoi Civilisation]] in the 2nd century AD which constructed the [[Ikom monoliths]]. In the first millennium BC, Bantu languages spread from the Great Lakes to southern and east Africa. One early movement headed south to the upper [[Zambezi]] valley in the 2nd century BC. Then Bantu-speakers pushed westward to the savannahs of present-day [[Angola]] and eastward into [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]] in the 1st century AD. The second thrust from the Great Lakes was eastward, 2,000 years ago, expanding to the [[Indian Ocean]] coast, [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]]. These populations crowded out [[Azania]], with [[Rhapta]] being its last stronghold by the 1st century AD as documented in the Greek text [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], and formed various [[List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast|Swahili city states]] and the very decentralised [[Zanj|Empire of Zanj]]. The eastern Bantu group eventually met the southern migrants from the Great Lakes in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Both groups continued southward, with eastern groups continuing to [[Mozambique]] and reaching [[Maputo]] in the 2nd century AD, and expanding as far as [[Durban]]. |
| ==Medieval and early modern period== | ==Medieval and early modern period== |
Okumaya devam et...