Contamination
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 02:54, 30 April 2024 |
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| Significant types of contamination affecting Australia include: | Significant types of contamination affecting Australia include: |
| * [[Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances]] - widespread contamination and ongoing remediation of government training centres and surrounding catchments from use of fire fighting foams<ref>{{cite journal | last=Toms | first=L.M.L. | last2=Bräunig | first2=J. | last3=Vijayasarathy | first3=S. | last4=Phillips | first4=S. | last5=Hobson | first5=P. | last6=Aylward | first6=L.L. | last7=Kirk | first7=M.D. | last8=Mueller | first8=J.F. | title=Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Australia: Current levels and estimated population reference values for selected compounds | journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health | volume=222 | issue=3 | date=2019 | doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.03.004 | pages=387–394}}</ref><ref>[https://theconversation.com/chemicals-forever-how-do-you-fix-a-problem-like-pfas-227771 Chemicals, forever: how do you fix a problem like PFAS?] The Conversation 29 April 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.ventia.com/what-we-do/p...remediation-for-former-fire-training-facility PFAS Remediation at former Fire Training Facility] Ventia</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Gallen | first=C. | last2=Drage | first2=D. | last3=Kaserzon | first3=S. | last4=Baduel | first4=C. | last5=Gallen | first5=M. | last6=Banks | first6=A. | last7=Broomhall | first7=S. | last8=Mueller | first8=J.F. | title=Occurrence and distribution of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in Australian landfill leachate and biosolids | journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials | volume=312 | date=2016 | doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.031 | pages=55–64}}</ref> | * [[Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances]] - widespread contamination and ongoing remediation of government training centres and surrounding catchments from use of fire fighting foams<ref>{{cite journal | last=Toms | first=L.M.L. | last2=Bräunig | first2=J. | last3=Vijayasarathy | first3=S. | last4=Phillips | first4=S. | last5=Hobson | first5=P. | last6=Aylward | first6=L.L. | last7=Kirk | first7=M.D. | last8=Mueller | first8=J.F. | title=Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Australia: Current levels and estimated population reference values for selected compounds | journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health | volume=222 | issue=3 | date=2019 | doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.03.004 | pages=387–394}}</ref><ref>[https://theconversation.com/chemicals-forever-how-do-you-fix-a-problem-like-pfas-227771 Chemicals, forever: how do you fix a problem like PFAS?] The Conversation 29 April 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.ventia.com/what-we-do/p...remediation-for-former-fire-training-facility PFAS Remediation at former Fire Training Facility] Ventia</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Gallen | first=C. | last2=Drage | first2=D. | last3=Kaserzon | first3=S. | last4=Baduel | first4=C. | last5=Gallen | first5=M. | last6=Banks | first6=A. | last7=Broomhall | first7=S. | last8=Mueller | first8=J.F. | title=Occurrence and distribution of brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances in Australian landfill leachate and biosolids | journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials | volume=312 | date=2016 | doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.031 | pages=55–64}}</ref> |
| * [[radioactive contamination|radioactive elements in soils]] and [[radioactive waste]] - Australia has large exclusion zones due to high radiation levels from radioactive fallout<ref>{{cite journal | last=Child | first=D.P. | last2=Hotchkis | first2=M.A.C. | title=Plutonium and uranium contamination in soils from former nuclear weapon test sites in Australia | journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms | volume=294 | date=2013 | doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2012.05.018 | pages=642–646}}</ref> and has more than 5000 cubic metres of radioactive waste which requires long term safe handling<ref>[https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/radioactive-waste-australia Radioactive Waste in Australia] ARPANSA</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Lottermoser | first=B. G. | last2=Ashley | first2=P. M. | title=Physical dispersion of radioactive mine waste at the rehabilitated Radium Hill uranium mine site,South Australia | journal=Australian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume=53 | issue=3 | date=2006 | issn=0812-0099 | doi=10.1080/08120090600632383 | pages=485–499}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Hughes | first=C.E. | last2=Cendón | first2=D.I. | last3=Harrison | first3=J.J. | last4=Hankin | first4=S.I. | last5=Johansen | first5=M.P. | last6=Payne | first6=T.E. | last7=Vine | first7=M. | last8=Collins | first8=R.N. | last9=Hoffmann | first9=E.L. | last10=Loosz | first10=T. | title=Movement of a tritium plume in shallow groundwater at a legacy low-level radioactive waste disposal site in eastern Australia | journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity | volume=102 | issue=10 | date=2011 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.05.009 | pages=943–952}}</ref> | * [[radioactive contamination|radioactive elements in soils]] and [[radioactive waste]] - Australia has large exclusion zones due to high radiation levels from radioactive fallout,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Child | first=D.P. | last2=Hotchkis | first2=M.A.C. | title=Plutonium and uranium contamination in soils from former nuclear weapon test sites in Australia | journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms | volume=294 | date=2013 | doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2012.05.018 | pages=642–646}}</ref> has a high risk of nuclear contamination due to a significant nuclear element mining industry<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lottermoser | first=B. G. | last2=Ashley | first2=P. M. | title=Physical dispersion of radioactive mine waste at the rehabilitated Radium Hill uranium mine site,South Australia | journal=Australian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume=53 | issue=3 | date=2006 | issn=0812-0099 | doi=10.1080/08120090600632383 | pages=485–499}}</ref> and has more than 5000 cubic metres of radioactive waste which requires long term safe handling<ref>[https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/radioactive-waste-australia Radioactive Waste in Australia] ARPANSA</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Hughes | first=C.E. | last2=Cendón | first2=D.I. | last3=Harrison | first3=J.J. | last4=Hankin | first4=S.I. | last5=Johansen | first5=M.P. | last6=Payne | first6=T.E. | last7=Vine | first7=M. | last8=Collins | first8=R.N. | last9=Hoffmann | first9=E.L. | last10=Loosz | first10=T. | title=Movement of a tritium plume in shallow groundwater at a legacy low-level radioactive waste disposal site in eastern Australia | journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity | volume=102 | issue=10 | date=2011 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.05.009 | pages=943–952}}</ref> |
| * [[plastic]]s - particularly [[microplastics]] in waterways, soils and surrounding oceans<ref>{{cite journal | last=Daltry | first=Andrew | last2=Merone | first2=Lea | last3=Tait | first3=Peter | title=Plastic pollution: why is it a public health problem? | journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health | volume=45 | issue=6 | date=2021 | doi=10.1111/1753-6405.13149 | pages=535–537}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Reisser | first=Julia | last2=Shaw | first2=Jeremy | last3=Wilcox | first3=Chris | last4=Hardesty | first4=Britta Denise | last5=Proietti | first5=Maira | last6=Thums | first6=Michele | last7=Pattiaratchi | first7=Charitha | title=Marine Plastic Pollution in Waters around Australia: Characteristics, Concentrations, and Pathways | journal=PLoS ONE | volume=8 | issue=11 | date=2013-11-27 | issn=1932-6203 | pmid=24312224 | pmc=3842337 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080466 | doi-access=free | page=e80466}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Moore | first=Belinda | last2=He | first2=Chang | last3=Knight | first3=Emma | last4=Mueller | first4=Jochen F. | last5=Tscharke | first5=Benjamin | title=Bisphenols and phthalates in Australian wastewater: A statistical approach for estimating contributions from diffuse and point sources | journal=Water Research | volume=246 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.watres.2023.120680 | page=120680}}</ref> | * [[plastic]]s - particularly [[microplastics]] in waterways, soils and surrounding oceans<ref>{{cite journal | last=Reisser | first=Julia | last2=Shaw | first2=Jeremy | last3=Wilcox | first3=Chris | last4=Hardesty | first4=Britta Denise | last5=Proietti | first5=Maira | last6=Thums | first6=Michele | last7=Pattiaratchi | first7=Charitha | title=Marine Plastic Pollution in Waters around Australia: Characteristics, Concentrations, and Pathways | journal=PLoS ONE | volume=8 | issue=11 | date=2013-11-27 | issn=1932-6203 | pmid=24312224 | pmc=3842337 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080466 | doi-access=free | page=e80466}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Moore | first=Belinda | last2=He | first2=Chang | last3=Knight | first3=Emma | last4=Mueller | first4=Jochen F. | last5=Tscharke | first5=Benjamin | title=Bisphenols and phthalates in Australian wastewater: A statistical approach for estimating contributions from diffuse and point sources | journal=Water Research | volume=246 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.watres.2023.120680 | page=120680}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Daltry | first=Andrew | last2=Merone | first2=Lea | last3=Tait | first3=Peter | title=Plastic pollution: why is it a public health problem? | journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health | volume=45 | issue=6 | date=2021 | doi=10.1111/1753-6405.13149 | pages=535–537}}</ref> |
| * [[heavy metals]] including [[lead]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Molino | first=Paul J | last2=Bentham | first2=Richard | last3=Higgins | first3=Michael J | last4=Hinds | first4=Jason | last5=Whiley | first5=Harriet | title=Public Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water in Australia | journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume=16 | issue=20 | date=2019-10-18 | issn=1660-4601 | pmid=31635303 | pmc=6843933 | doi=10.3390/ijerph16203982 | doi-access=free | page=3982}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Dong | first=Chenyin | last2=Taylor | first2=Mark Patrick | last3=Kristensen | first3=Louise Jane | last4=Zahran | first4=Sammy | title=Environmental contamination in an Australian mining community and potential influences on early childhood health and behavioural outcomes | journal=Environmental Pollution | volume=207 | date=2015 | doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.037 | pages=345–356}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Tiller | first=Kg | title=Urban soil contamination in Australia | journal=Soil Research | volume=30 | issue=6 | date=1992 | issn=1838-675X | doi=10.1071/SR9920937 | page=937}}</ref> | * [[heavy metals]] including [[lead]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Molino | first=Paul J | last2=Bentham | first2=Richard | last3=Higgins | first3=Michael J | last4=Hinds | first4=Jason | last5=Whiley | first5=Harriet | title=Public Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water in Australia | journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume=16 | issue=20 | date=2019-10-18 | issn=1660-4601 | pmid=31635303 | pmc=6843933 | doi=10.3390/ijerph16203982 | doi-access=free | page=3982}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Dong | first=Chenyin | last2=Taylor | first2=Mark Patrick | last3=Kristensen | first3=Louise Jane | last4=Zahran | first4=Sammy | title=Environmental contamination in an Australian mining community and potential influences on early childhood health and behavioural outcomes | journal=Environmental Pollution | volume=207 | date=2015 | doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.037 | pages=345–356}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Tiller | first=Kg | title=Urban soil contamination in Australia | journal=Soil Research | volume=30 | issue=6 | date=1992 | issn=1838-675X | doi=10.1071/SR9920937 | page=937}}</ref> |
 | * [[asbestos]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Soeberg | first=Matthew | last2=Vallance | first2=Deborah | last3=Keena | first3=Victoria | last4=Takahashi | first4=Ken | last5=Leigh | first5=James | title=Australia’s Ongoing Legacy of Asbestos: Significant Challenges Remain Even after the Complete Banning of Asbestos Almost Fifteen Years Ago | journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume=15 | issue=2 | date=2018-02-23 | issn=1660-4601 | pmid=29473898 | pmc=5858453 | doi=10.3390/ijerph15020384 | doi-access=free | page=384}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Musk | first=Arthur W (Bill) | last2=Reid | first2=Alison | last3=Olsen | first3=Nola | last4=Hobbs | first4=Michael | last5=Armstrong | first5=Bruce | last6=Franklin | first6=Peter | last7=Hui | first7=Jennie | last8=Layman | first8=Lenore | last9=Merler | first9=Enzo | last10=Brims | first10=Fraser | last11=Alfonso | first11=Helman | last12=Shilkin | first12=Keith | last13=Sodhi-Berry | first13=Nita | last14=de Klerk | first14=Nicholas | title=The Wittenoom legacy | journal=International Journal of Epidemiology | volume=49 | issue=2 | date=2020-04-01 | issn=0300-5771 | doi=10.1093/ije/dyz204 | pages=467–476}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Gray | first=Corie | last2=Carey | first2=Renee N. | last3=Reid | first3=Alison | title=Current and future risks of asbestos exposure in the Australian community | journal=International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health | volume=22 | issue=4 | date=2016 | issn=1077-3525 | pmid=27611196 | pmc=5137554 | doi=10.1080/10773525.2016.1227037 | pages=292–299}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Frangioudakis Khatib | first=Georgia | last2=Collins | first2=Julia | last3=Otness | first3=Pierina | last4=Goode | first4=James | last5=Tomley | first5=Stacey | last6=Franklin | first6=Peter | last7=Ross | first7=Justine | title=Australia’s Ongoing Challenge of Legacy Asbestos in the Built Environment: A Review of Contemporary Asbestos Exposure Risks | journal=Sustainability | volume=15 | issue=15 | date=2023-08-07 | issn=2071-1050 | doi=10.3390/su151512071 | doi-access=free | page=12071}}</ref> |
| * [[landfill leachate]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Pandey | first=Lopa Mudra S. | last2=Shukla | first2=Sanjay Kumar | title=An insight into waste management in Australia with a focus on landfill technology and liner leak detection | journal=Journal of Cleaner Production | volume=225 | date=2019 | doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.320 | pages=1147–1154}}</ref><ref>[https://pfas.australianmap.net/ Australian PFAS Chemical map]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Scott | first=Jason | last2=Beydoun | first2=Donia | last3=Amal | first3=Rose | last4=Low | first4=Gary | last5=Cattle | first5=Julie | title=Landfill Management, Leachate Generation, and Leach Testing of Solid Wastes in Australia and Overseas | journal=Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology | volume=35 | issue=3 | date=2005-03-23 | issn=1064-3389 | doi=10.1080/10643380590917969 | pages=239–332}}</ref> | * [[landfill leachate]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Pandey | first=Lopa Mudra S. | last2=Shukla | first2=Sanjay Kumar | title=An insight into waste management in Australia with a focus on landfill technology and liner leak detection | journal=Journal of Cleaner Production | volume=225 | date=2019 | doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.320 | pages=1147–1154}}</ref><ref>[https://pfas.australianmap.net/ Australian PFAS Chemical map]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Scott | first=Jason | last2=Beydoun | first2=Donia | last3=Amal | first3=Rose | last4=Low | first4=Gary | last5=Cattle | first5=Julie | title=Landfill Management, Leachate Generation, and Leach Testing of Solid Wastes in Australia and Overseas | journal=Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology | volume=35 | issue=3 | date=2005-03-23 | issn=1064-3389 | doi=10.1080/10643380590917969 | pages=239–332}}</ref> |
| * [[asbestos]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Gray | first=Corie | last2=Carey | first2=Renee N. | last3=Reid | first3=Alison | title=Current and future risks of asbestos exposure in the Australian community | journal=International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health | volume=22 | issue=4 | date=2016 | issn=1077-3525 | pmid=27611196 | pmc=5137554 | doi=10.1080/10773525.2016.1227037 | pages=292–299}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Frangioudakis Khatib | first=Georgia | last2=Collins | first2=Julia | last3=Otness | first3=Pierina | last4=Goode | first4=James | last5=Tomley | first5=Stacey | last6=Franklin | first6=Peter | last7=Ross | first7=Justine | title=Australia’s Ongoing Challenge of Legacy Asbestos in the Built Environment: A Review of Contemporary Asbestos Exposure Risks | journal=Sustainability | volume=15 | issue=15 | date=2023-08-07 | issn=2071-1050 | doi=10.3390/su151512071 | doi-access=free | page=12071}}</ref> |
| ==Conservation== | ==Conservation== |
Okumaya devam et...