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Okumaya devam et...
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| This sponge is distributed worldwide in the coastal waters of every continent except for Antarctica. They are highly concentrated in the English channel, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.<ref name=":2" /> | This sponge is distributed worldwide in the coastal waters of every continent except for Antarctica. They are highly concentrated in the English channel, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.<ref name=":2" /> |
| [[File:Esponja perforante (Cliona celata), Parque natural de la Arrábida, Portugal, 2021-09-10, DD 36.jpg|thumb|''Cliona celata'']] | |
| [[File:FMIB 46464 Dromia vulgaris, Carrying on its back a mass of the sponge Clione celata British.jpeg|thumb|''Cliona celata'' inhabiting the shell of a crab. ]] | |
| == Morphology == | == Morphology == |
[[File orifera body structures 01.png|thumb|Sponge Body Plans: asconoid (left), syconoid (middle), and leuconoid (right)]] | |
| Sponges are asymmetrical, multicellular, diploblastic organisms that lack true tissues. They have two cell layers: the pinacoderm and the choanocyte layer. The pinacoderm layer is the epidermal layer that consists of pinacocyte cells that have the ability to contract. The contraction of these cells allows for the sponge to change its shape.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A. |title=Biology of the invertebrates |date=2015 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-352418-4 |edition=7th |location=New York, NY |pages=80–88}}</ref> The choanocyte layer is made up of choanocyte cells that lines the inner space of the sponge. The choanocyte cells utilize their flagella to create a water current that circulates water throughout the sponge. The circulation of water brings in food particles and sperm, both of which are collected by choanocytes. In addition to the pinacocyte and choanocyte layers, sponges also have a non-living mesohyl layer that is located between the two living layers. Despite being made up of non-living material, the mesohyl contains living cells called archaeocytes. Archaeocytes are specialized cells that can modify themselves according to what a sponge needs.<ref name=":0" /> These cells aid in digestion, reproduction, waste elimination, and support element production. Such support elements (e.g., spongin and spicules) are also found in the mesohyl layer. This species has a leuconoid body plan, which is the most complex construction a sponge can have. This layout is made up of numerous complex choanocyte chambers and highly complex canal systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammel |first1=Jörg U. |last2=Filatov |first2=Maxim V. |last3=Herzen |first3=Julia |last4=Beckmann |first4=Felix |last5=Kaandorp |first5=Jaap A. |last6=Nickel |first6=Michael |date=February 15, 2011 |title=The non-hierarchical, non-uniformly branching topology of a leuconoid sponge aquiferous system revealed by 3D reconstruction and morphometrics using corrosion casting and X-ray microtomography |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00492.x |journal=Acta Zoologica |language=en |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=160–170 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00492.x |issn=0001-7272}}</ref> | Sponges are asymmetrical, multicellular, diploblastic organisms that lack true tissues. They have two cell layers: the pinacoderm and the choanocyte layer. The pinacoderm layer is the epidermal layer that consists of pinacocyte cells that have the ability to contract. The contraction of these cells allows for the sponge to change its shape.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A. |title=Biology of the invertebrates |date=2015 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-352418-4 |edition=7th |location=New York, NY |pages=80–88}}</ref> The choanocyte layer is made up of choanocyte cells that lines the inner space of the sponge. The choanocyte cells utilize their flagella to create a water current that circulates water throughout the sponge. The circulation of water brings in food particles and sperm, both of which are collected by choanocytes. In addition to the pinacocyte and choanocyte layers, sponges also have a non-living mesohyl layer that is located between the two living layers. Despite being made up of non-living material, the mesohyl contains living cells called archaeocytes. Archaeocytes are specialized cells that can modify themselves according to what a sponge needs.<ref name=":0" /> These cells aid in digestion, reproduction, waste elimination, and support element production. Such support elements (e.g., spongin and spicules) are also found in the mesohyl layer. This species has a leuconoid body plan, which is the most complex construction a sponge can have. This layout is made up of numerous complex choanocyte chambers and highly complex canal systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammel |first1=Jörg U. |last2=Filatov |first2=Maxim V. |last3=Herzen |first3=Julia |last4=Beckmann |first4=Felix |last5=Kaandorp |first5=Jaap A. |last6=Nickel |first6=Michael |date=February 15, 2011 |title=The non-hierarchical, non-uniformly branching topology of a leuconoid sponge aquiferous system revealed by 3D reconstruction and morphometrics using corrosion casting and X-ray microtomography |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00492.x |journal=Acta Zoologica |language=en |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=160–170 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00492.x |issn=0001-7272}}</ref> |
| The path water takes through ''Cliona celata'' is directly related to its leuconoid body plan. First, water enters the sponge though small pores called ostia. The water then runs through incurrent channels and through openings (prosopyles) to reach the flagellated canals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Wilkin |first1=Douglas |last2=Blanchette |first2=Jennifer |date=December 11, 2015 |title=Sponge Structure and Function |url=https://www.ck12.org/biology/sponge...onge-structure-and-function-advanced-bio-adv/ |access-date=April 18, 2024 |website=CK-12}}</ref> From there, the water passes through more openings (apopyles) to reach excurrent channels.<ref name=":1" /> Water is then channeled into a larger channel that eventually leads to osculum, where water exits the sponge. The leuconoid body plan doesn't feature a spongocoel.<ref name=":1" /> | The path water takes through ''Cliona celata'' is directly related to its leuconoid body plan. First, water enters the sponge though small pores called ostia. The water then runs through incurrent channels and through openings (prosopyles) to reach the flagellated canals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Wilkin |first1=Douglas |last2=Blanchette |first2=Jennifer |date=December 11, 2015 |title=Sponge Structure and Function |url=https://www.ck12.org/biology/sponge...onge-structure-and-function-advanced-bio-adv/ |access-date=April 18, 2024 |website=CK-12}}</ref> From there, the water passes through more openings (apopyles) to reach excurrent channels.<ref name=":1" /> Water is then channeled into a larger channel that eventually leads to osculum, where water exits the sponge. The leuconoid body plan doesn't feature a spongocoel.<ref name=":1" /> |
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| Sexual reproduction is made possible through the production of gametes. This sponge is hermaphroditic, so it produces both male and female gametes. Sponges lack tissues which means they don't have a reproductive system to produce gametes. Gametes are instead produced by specialized cells called archaeocytes that can differentiate into sperm and egg cells.<ref name=":0" /> Egg production typically peaks in the months April and May.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piscitelli |first1=Mariapaola |last2=Corriero |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Gaino |first3=Elda |last4=Uriz |first4=María-J. |date=January 11, 2011 |title=Reproductive cycles of the sympatric excavating sponges Cliona celata and Cliona viridis in the Mediterranean Sea: Reproduction of clionaid sponges |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00216.x |journal=Invertebrate Biology |language=en |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00216.x}}</ref> This sponge usually reproduces via the process of broadcast spawning. Sperm is released from a sponge's oscula, into the water column, and into another sponge through its ostia. The sperm is captured by choanocytes, taken into the mesohyl by archaeocytes, and eventually transported to the eggs where fertilization will take place. | Sexual reproduction is made possible through the production of gametes. This sponge is hermaphroditic, so it produces both male and female gametes. Sponges lack tissues which means they don't have a reproductive system to produce gametes. Gametes are instead produced by specialized cells called archaeocytes that can differentiate into sperm and egg cells.<ref name=":0" /> Egg production typically peaks in the months April and May.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piscitelli |first1=Mariapaola |last2=Corriero |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Gaino |first3=Elda |last4=Uriz |first4=María-J. |date=January 11, 2011 |title=Reproductive cycles of the sympatric excavating sponges Cliona celata and Cliona viridis in the Mediterranean Sea: Reproduction of clionaid sponges |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00216.x |journal=Invertebrate Biology |language=en |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00216.x}}</ref> This sponge usually reproduces via the process of broadcast spawning. Sperm is released from a sponge's oscula, into the water column, and into another sponge through its ostia. The sperm is captured by choanocytes, taken into the mesohyl by archaeocytes, and eventually transported to the eggs where fertilization will take place. |
| Once fertilization occurs, ''Cliona celata''<nowiki/>'s embryo develops into a multi-flagellated parenchymula larva.<ref name=":0" /> This larva has a short-lived swimming stage before it attaches to a substrate where further development will take place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boring Sponge |url=https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide/entry/boring-sponge |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Chesapeake Bay |language=en-US}}</ref> | Once fertilization occurs, ''Cliona celata''<nowiki/>'s embryo develops into a multi-flagellated parenchymula larva.<ref name=":0" /> This larva has a short-lived swimming stage before it attaches to a substrate where further development will take place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boring Sponge |url=https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide/entry/boring-sponge |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Chesapeake Bay |language=en-US}}</ref> |
| == References<!-- The references used seem up to date and from recent studies which supports the validity of the article. -->== | == References<!-- The references used seem up to date and from recent studies which supports the validity of the article. -->== |
Okumaya devam et...